If a child has experienced abuse or extreme neglect in early childhood, he or she may develop a condition called reactive attachment disorder (RAD). People with this disorder have difficulty bonding with their parents or other caregiving adults. The disorder can cause serious problems in a person’s life as an adult if it is not treated.
The outlook for RAD is positive if it receives treatment in time. People with the disorder struggle to form relationships, and they may have trouble managing their emotions and coping with stress. The condition also may lead to other behavioral problems in adulthood, including substance abuse and self-harm.
While RAD can occur in all types of families, it is more common among children who have been abused or neglected. It is estimated that about 35 to 40 percent of maltreated foster care children exhibit RAD symptoms. Symptoms usually begin before the age of five, and they can vary in severity.
The symptoms of RAD typically include emotional withdrawal and a refusal to seek comfort from caregivers. Children with RAD disorders will often react to their emotional distress by acting younger than they are or by acting aggressively. They can be very difficult to discipline. They will rarely play with other children and have trouble expressing empathy for others.
A doctor will assess a child’s behavior to determine if it is the result of RAD. They will look at the history of the child’s upbringing to see if there are any patterns. A doctor may also do a physical exam, including brain scans. They will also rule out other possible causes of the symptoms, such as mental illness or other medical conditions.
Several forms of therapy can help a child overcome RAD. The most effective treatments are family therapy and parent training, which involve both the child and his or her current caregiver(s). They will work with a therapist to improve trust, communication, and understanding. They may also use activities designed to teach the child a sense of safety and security. They may take the child on outings to help him or her feel more comfortable around other people. Some parents find it helpful to join support groups for families with RAD children.
People who have a RAD diagnosis may benefit from online talk therapy. Studies show that online therapists are just as effective as in-person therapists, and they can offer the same level of care. This type of treatment is also convenient for people who have busy schedules or live far from a traditional therapy center. Online therapists can match a person with a licensed and vetted therapist who is right for them. The therapist can then design an online treatment plan to address the person’s unique needs. The therapist can also provide support to the family as they work through their issues together. Ultimately, the goal is to help the child overcome his or her traumatic experiences and learn to develop healthy relationships as an adult.